The sterols of the echinoderm Asterias rubens.

Cell-Mediated and Humoral Immune Responses in the Sea-Star Asterias Rubens (Echinoderm): Notion of Invertebrate Primitive Antibody

Cell-mediated Immune Responses in the Sea-star Asterias Rubens (echinoderm)

Cell-mediated immune responses occur in sea star system. In Asterias rubens it is said that B sea star lymphocytes and T sea star lymphocytes exist in the axial organ which can be considered as an ancestral lymphoid organ. In the same manner the origin of lymphocytes can be found in Invertebrates such as Echinodermal.

Immune suppression of the echinoderm Asterias rubens (L.) following long-term ocean acidification.

We compared effects of exposure to predict near-future (2100) ocean acidification (OA; pH 7.7) and normal seawater (Control; pH 8.1) on immune and stress responses in the adult sea star Asterias rubens. Analyses were made after one week and after six months of continuous exposure. Following one week exposure to acidified water, the pH of coelomic fluid was significantly reduced. Levels of the c...

The TNFR In Asterias rubens Sea Star: Genomic Studies

The sea star Asterias rubens includes TNFR, in its genome, when compared to mouse one: mouse isoform 2 of TNF AIP3-interacting protein 1, mouse TNF receptor-associated factor 2, mouse TNF receptor-associated factor 3, mouse TNF receptor-associated factor 4, mouse TNF receptor-associated factor 6. Many of these factors are bound to NF Kappa -B genes which have recently been isolated in the Aster...

Urbilaterian origin of paralogous GnRH and corazonin neuropeptide signalling pathways

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is a key regulator of reproductive maturation in humans and other vertebrates. Homologs of GnRH and its cognate receptor have been identified in invertebrates-for example, the adipokinetic hormone (AKH) and corazonin (CRZ) neuropeptide pathways in arthropods. However, the precise evolutionary relationships and origins of these signalling systems remain unkn...